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| Nature 429, 47 - 49 (06 May 2004); doi:10.1038/nature02531 The central dusty torus in the active nucleus of NGC 1068 W. JAFFE1, K. MEISENHEIMER2, H. J. A. RÖTTGERING1, CH. LEINERT2, A. RICHICHI3, O. CHESNEAU2, D. FRAIX-BURNET4, A. GLAZENBORG-KLUTTIG5, G.-L. GRANATO6, U. GRASER2, B. HEIJLIGERS1, R. KÖHLER2, F. MALBET4, G. K. MILEY1, F. PARESCE3, J.-W. PEL7, G. PERRIN8, F. PRZYGODDA2, M. SCHOELLER9, H. SOL8, L. B. F. M. WATERS10,11, G. WEIGELT12, J. WOILLEZ8 & P. T. DE ZEEUW1 1 Leiden Observatory, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands 2 Max Planck Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, D–69117 Heidelberg, Germany 3 European Southern Observatory, Karl Schwarzschild Strasse 2, D–85748 Garching bei München, Germany 4 Observatoire de Grenoble, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France 5 Stichting ASTRON, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands 6 Astronomical Observatory of Padua, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy 7 Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Postbus 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands 8 Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, 92195 Meudon, France 9 European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile 10 Astronomical Institute "Anton Pannekoek", Univ. of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 403, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands 11 Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200B, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium 12 Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to W.J. (jaffe@strw.leidenuniv.nl). Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) display many energetic phenomena—broad emission lines, X-rays, relativistic jets, radio lobes—originating from matter falling onto a supermassive black hole. It is widely accepted that orientation effects play a major role in explaining the observational appearance of AGNs. Seen from certain directions, circum-nuclear dust clouds would block our view of the central powerhouse. Indirect evidence suggests that the dust clouds form a parsec-sized torus-shaped distribution. This explanation, however, remains unproved, as even the largest telescopes have not been able to resolve the dust structures. Here we report interferometric mid-infrared observations that spatially resolve these structures in the galaxy NGC 1068. The observations reveal warm (320 K) dust in a structure 2.1 parsec thick and 3.4 parsec in diameter, surrounding a smaller hot structure. As such a configuration of dust clouds would collapse in a time much shorter than the active phase of the AGN, this observation requires a continual input of kinetic energy to the cloud system from a source coexistent with the AGN. © 2004 Nature Publishing Group Privacy Policy |
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